The origin and development of chess

Chess is an ancient cultural heritage. Up to now, there is no universally accepted and conclusive opinion on the history of its appearance, evolution and spread. There is no doubt that chess and Chinese chess have many similarities in that they evolved separately from a primitive chess game. In recent decades, the archaeological relics unearthed and the translated ancient books have provided a wealth of research materials for historians, so that they can draw conclusions that are more in line with the real situation.

In the 1950s, Mr. Permanent Xia, a famous scholar of Indian culture in China, said in his "Oriental Art Series" : "At that time, the chess of the Tang Dynasty was exported to the East, and some researchers said that it was exported to the West at the same time, spreading from Persia to Europe," and European chess originated from China. But eastward spread does have a history; The literature is not enough to prove the westward spread. However, since the Song Dynasty, Western chess has been influenced  by China, and there are quite clues to find. ... In the Indian era, the famous British scientist Needham Boto, in his brilliant book "The History of Science and Technology in China", in a detailed analysis of the relationship between the early chess - six Bo and astronomy, Yi, art and mathematics, etc., believes that the simulation of the nature of war chess may be developed from the instruments used in the prophetic land to weigh the reliability of the prophecy... It is used to predict good or bad things in the universe. In the 6th and 7th centuries AD, it evolved into a chess game played in leisure time. The Yugoslav historian Bijiv, in his 1972 monograph Chess - A Symbol of the Universe, also concluded that chess first appeared in China in 569 AD and then gradually spread.

In the study of the history of chess, there are many people who hold the Indian origin: chess is believed to have evolved from "chatulangka" to "Saudi Landz", and then reformed into modern chess. However, as Yi Ringier, a former deputy professor of Soviet history, put it in a 1975 article: "Little evidence of the original form of chess has survived." We cannot determine exactly when and where the game called Chaturangka arose in India, nor do we know any circumstances under which Chaturangka became the game of chess with which we are familiar, nor any means by which it spread to other countries... The more explicit reference to the Chaturangka game is the Kashmiri epic of the mid-9th century AD - (Ratlakal)..." Ringier introduced his research on Chatulangka in the masterpiece Indo Kao by Biruni, a Persian born in the second half of the 10th century.
The records of Biruni, who was described by the famous American historian Hiti as "the most creative and profound scholar produced by Islam in the field of natural sciences," show that until the first half of the 11th century, when Biruni lived in India for a long time, scholars who believed that the origin of India was the Chatulangka, the original type of chess. Still stay in the toss to determine the movement of the pieces, to eat the opponent's pieces to distinguish the loss of sen, is just close to the general gambling game. It is difficult for scholars of Indian origin to give a convincing explanation for this situation. In addition, the analysis of the changes in the chess board and pieces also shows that modern chess is closer to Chinese chess. The stereotyped era of chess is nearly 500 years later than that of Chinese chess, which is the most convincing evidence that the two chess originated from China.