The five opening categories of chess

First, open opening
Italy start

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 The oldest start of the Bc5, about 500 years old, was extremely popular in the 19th century. The basic strategic idea of the White side was clear: to direct the f7 troops with white symbols, and occupy the center through c3 and d4, often in order to gain the offensive, at the cost of abandoning troops and sons to create a killing game. However, after hundreds of years of actual combat proved that this opening is easy to simplify quickly, and was flattened by the black side; Sometimes it creates a sharp situation, but the outcome is even. So the Italian gambit is being used less and less.

Evans abandoned his troops

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4.b4 The purpose of White is to move c3 and d4 to control the center, and 4.b4 is to attract the black elephant to b4, so that when c3 soldiers are supported, the black elephant is under the attack of the pawn.

Two-horse defense

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 This opening is slightly later than the Italian opening, because Black's c5 will soon be driven out by White's d4 pawn, so Black takes a faster step to counter 3.... Nf6, immediately attack e4 soldiers and white contention, this variation is easy to lead to a sharp situation.

Defence of Hungary

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Be7 This opening is relatively late, about 150 years old, and was first used by Hungarian players, hence the name. The main idea was to avoid sharp situations such as the Italian opening and the two-horse defense. 3. From the third... Be7 began to defend against Ng5, forming a stable situation, but the element force was stiff and passive; It often works well against players who prefer recklessness and risk.

Three-horse opening

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 In order to break the symmetry and avoid a 4-horse opening situation, Black chooses 3.d6 or 3.be7, and White can respond to 4.d4, thus avoiding a 4-horse opening that is easy to draw, but Black is a little crowded. As a result, they rarely appear in high-level competitions.

Four-horse start

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Nc3 Nf6 4 The horse opening is very common among beginners because it follows the principle of "the horse in front is like the horse behind." A 4-horse opening usually leads to a very quiet situation, with matches between masters often ending in draws.

Spain start

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 The Spanish gambit is one of the most popular gambles in modern times, and is second only to the Sicilian defense in the number of actual games played in the White 1.e4 gambit system. 1.e4 e5 category in the first place.
This opening was made by Spanish chess players in the 15th century. 3.Bb5 one, the simple purpose at the beginning, is only to change horses to threaten e5 soldiers. Practice has proved that the black side is not afraid of this, so it is not popular for a long time, far less than other open classes such as Italy. Until the end of the 19th century, new strategic content was introduced and became widely popular. Today, its content is rich and varied, and it has a variety of systems. Most of the changes have a long struggle process, and there are also some sharp changes that are close to each other. It has been widely used in international and domestic competitions.

Defense of Philidor

1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 d6 Black's idea is to use f5 to challenge White's e4 pawn, which is a firm but slightly passive move. Rarely used at the highest level of competition.

Petrov defense

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6, this opening is also very old, until the 19th century Russian chess player Petrov made a deep study of this opening, so it is also called Petrov defense. The significant difference between this opening and other openings is that the second move is to eat each other to simplify the situation. After all, the White side got a head start and was able to maintain a slight advantage. However, some theorists believe that this opening is the best of all the opening against the king. In recent years, this opening in practice, the use of people gradually increased.

Scotland start

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4, this gambit was first used by Scottish players in 1824, more than a hundred years ago. 3.d4 conforms to the principle of seizing the center, but it is too direct, and it is not ready to begin to fight, and it is easy to be flattened by the other side. Still, some players use it for strategic reasons in major tournaments. For example, in the 1996 Women's World Championship, Susan Polgar of Hungary thanked our country, three times out of the Scottish start.

Wang Yi abandoned the opening

1.e4 e5 2.f4 The King Wing Abandoned War has a history of more than 400 years and reached its peak in the last century. Because it does not conform to modern theory, it has now retired from the game. According to the modern layout theory, the king wing soldiers can not move lightly, and the king wing is weakened, and it is not worth the loss to try to exchange the occupation center and the speed of the son. If the black side plays its cards right, it can gain an advantage. For young chess players, it is still necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the situation as an offensive and defensive technique for training the abandonment game.

Second, semi-open opening
Defence of Sicily

1. The e4 c5 Sicilian Defense, although an ancient gambit, was not recognized for a long time for its extremely profound connotation, and it did not become popular until the middle of the 20th century. In any major match this decade, the most prolific opening was the Sicilian defence, which accounted for about a quarter, far more than any other opening.
The Sicilian defense is typical of a semi-open layout: it is neither fully open nor closed. White side often occupies the space advantage, the seed is also slightly faster; The black chess force configuration has great counterattack potential, and occupies a half-open c road, which provides important conditions for the counterattack rear wing. The complexity of this opening and the number of branching systems are not comparable to other openings. The winning rate of the white and black sides is basically equal; This was the main reason for the large number of games in the Sicilian defense.

Defence of France

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 This game was created by French players in the 16th century and became popular in the 19th century. It was originally intended to target and resist the white side's white pattern to c4, avoiding a series of tactics like the open layout, with other big players attacking f7 pawns.
From the beginning two moves, a bit like the Carlo Kang defense, but also the first step to prepare, the second step with d5 to fight for the center; The difference is that when the white troops press e5, the black side's rear wing is difficult to move, which becomes a problem in this opening, but at the same time, it gets a favorable counterattack through c7-c5, and can occupy c road as a way to attack the rear wing. The white side has a larger space on the royal wing, and the Zi force is relatively smooth, which is conducive to the attack of the royal wing.
This opening is complex, sharp, and changeable, most of them show a semi-closed state, and the changes of the opening are also various.

Carol Kahn Defense

1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 This gambit was created in the 19th century by two German players, Carlo and Kahn. Black's first step 1... c6 Prepare, Step 2 2.... d5 to the center, in this sense more solid than the Scandinavian defense, similar to the French defense. Its advantage is that it supports d5 with c pawn, and the rear wing is quickly dispatched, and the particle force can be stretched.
Do not use 1.e4 when applying 1. In the semi-open opening class of e5, the Carlo Kahn defense is relatively simple and practical. The leading strategist can avoid some sharp changes and make a smooth transition to the end game. Therefore, the chess players who use this opening game, most of the end game is better.

皮尔兹防御

1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 is also called the Ufiemtsev Defense, the Wingwing defense. The intention was to allow the White side to occupy the center and then, with better preparation, to counterattack the center, which was different from other semi-open gambits and clearly similar to ancient India; However, unlike the ancient India, the center remained dynamic for a long time and did not fix the central soldier, so there was no counterattack against the white king wing. Because of this opening, complexity is maintained for a longer time and fewer draws are made. In recent years, there have been more and more actual combat games and great development.

Defense of Alyokhin

1.e4 Nf6 This start was set by former world champion Alyokhin. It was used in combat in 1921, and when people first saw it, they were amazed! Invite e soldier forward, and then invite c soldier forward, willing to lose two or three first, in order to "lure the enemy deep", weaken its soldier type, and then destroy it by invitation. This idea is significantly different from other openings, but after years of practice, in most variations, the White side can establish an opening advantage. If the White side commits a "rush attack", it is often vigorously countered by the black side.

斯堪的纳维亚防御

Nimzovich Defense

1. e4 Nc6 Black allows White to control the center early on, and then tries to block or limit White's center. If White has an inaccurate move, Black will use a well-timed attack to regain control of the center.

Modern defense

1. e4 g6 Black lets White's pawn control the center first, and Black's idea is not to directly control the center, but to attack and destroy White's center and central pawn

Three, closed opening after the wing abandoned the opening

1.d4 d5 2.c4 In opening theory books, it is customary for the white side to walk either way without 1.e4, which is called closed opening. This kind of opening appeared relatively late, and only developed greatly in this century with the establishment of modern theory. Compared with open opening and semi-open opening, there is a tendency of coming from behind. This kind of opening, generally after the completion of the son, the battle between the two sides began; The law is implicit, the plan is strong, there are many variations are closed situation, and there are many in high-level competitions.
The back wing discard game, one of the first of its kind, has been practiced for hundreds of years, and is still a powerful weapon for some of the world's best players.

拒后翼弃兵开局

1.d4 d5 2. c4 e6(d5,d4...)如果接受了弃兵，实际上是放弃了中心，除非能找到好的途径。
接受后翼弃兵开局

1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 这种弃兵其实不是真正的弃兵，因为要么就很快就吃回来了，要么黑棋拿着也很难受。通常，黑棋让白棋把兵吃回，主要精力放在中心的争夺上。 斯拉夫防御

1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 斯拉夫防御，是后翼弃兵中分离出来的一种独特方案。因为正统防御走e6后，后翼象难以出动；用c6支持d5是为了尽快出子，d5兵还是要脱离岗位主动兑c兵，让出中心。尽管如此，其反击机会还是比较多的，使白方不像后翼弃兵那样心安理得地稳获先手。
卡塔龙开局

1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.g3 这个开局时后翼弃兵和列齐开局部分的结合体，但是它本身也自有其特色，形成的局面多数具有开放性，斗争在后翼展开，各种风格的棋手都可采用。
四、半封闭式开局
尼姆佐-印度防御

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 尼姆佐-印度防御，是现代最流行的开局之一，也是黑方可靠的防御之一。其诱人之处在于战略战术的多样性。大体而论，黑方子力在中心活动，在王翼防守，在后翼反攻；而白方则积极组织发动在王翼的进攻。本开局能满足各种风格棋手采用，白黑双方胜率亦相差无几。
新印度防御

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 如果白方不想走尼姆佐维奇防御，便引向黑方新印度防御，也称后翼印度防御。此开局特点是：白方不急于占领或控制中心，而是先从容地出动子力，属平稳开局；至到中局才开始发展战斗。
古印度防御

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 古印度防御，又称王翼印度防御。从本世纪五十年代开始流行，至今常盛不衰；是现代最流行的开局之一，在封闭性开局中占首位。黑方的策略在于先让白方占领中心，利用很早易过位和出子优势，予以反击；局面多呈封闭型，但复杂而尖锐，内容极其丰富多彩。多数变例，战斗的双方各攻一翼，对弈者须有攻守兼备的技术。在世界棋坛上，精通并主要运用此开局者，被称为“古印度大师”。
别诺尼防御

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 ed 5.cd d6 别诺尼防御，是从古印度防御分离出来的一种体系；但其战略目标有别。古印度防御黑方布兵d6和e5，是为了攻击王翼；而别诺尼防雨布兵d6、c5，是使g7象畅通并控制a1-h8主斜线，宜于攻击后翼。其缺点是d6兵容易遭到攻击。
格林菲尔德防御

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 这个防御是由奥地利著名棋手格龙菲尔德首次走出，由此命名。主要的战略思想是：黑方让白方建立起中心，然后给予反击。多数变例黑方大子较为灵活，力争主动，白方则维持和巩固已建立的中心形式。此开局极具双方不平衡的局面，因此在高水平棋手中出现较多。
荷兰防御

1.d4 f5 荷兰防御出现较晚，理论认为：在开局中过早起动王翼兵（除g3）犯大忌的，因为她削弱了王翼，然而在此开局恰恰相反，黑方反而是攻白王翼为主要方向，它第一步首先控制了e4。黑方的后翼象出动困难也是一大问题。白方除了在王翼加固防范，同时积极在中心和后翼展开攻势。一般认为，荷兰防御对黑方来说是艰难而冒险的。
五、不规则开局
英国式开局

1.c4 此开局由英国杰出棋手斯汤顿经常使用，约有100多年历史。同1.e4，1.d4比较，似乎更偏于局面性弈法，但是它在开局中有更多的可变性：既可形成开放性局面，也可形成封闭性局面；还可以形成西西里防御，不过是黑方和摆放颠倒，白方多了一先。使用此开局者，多数是那些经验丰富的、偏爱局面性弈法的棋手。
列蒂开局

1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 此开局是捷克的天才棋手列齐创造的，他是超现代派理论代表之一，其思想是不用兵占领而用大子控制中心。开局中走成的局面往往同英国式很相似，其主要区别是不允许黑方第一着走起e5，因此更具有封闭性质。局面型棋手经常采用此开局。
伯德开局

1. f4 这种走法，有一点点削弱了对白王的防守，对于保持白棋的先行之利也不好。但有很多人喜欢用它。棋局开始时，白棋的第一步有20多种选择。在最流行的白棋第一步排行榜里，1.f4排在1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, 1.c4, 1.g3之后列第六。